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ETs and Ancient Astronauts are Illuminati Propaganda

article extracted from Truth Campaign issue 25 with additional material

Foreword by Ivan Fraser

 

Over the last 30 years or so there has been increasing interest in the 'ancient astronaut' thesis. Although this fascination with 'real' alien visitors essentially hit mainstream consciousness with the works of Erik Von Daniken and Zecharia Sitchin, the population has been mentally prepared for the aliens since the beginning of the 20th century by science-fiction in books, comics, movies and tv shows. It is so innate to our collective psyche today that there are very few who do not relate the idea of UFOs to extra-terrestrial beings, and have an immediate mental image of the 'greys' and the similar spindly beings of Spielberg's Close Encounters, or Whitley Streiber's Communion, as their archetypal representation of these same off-world entities.

Today there are numerous TV documentaries asking the questions about whether or not we are being visited by extra-terrestrial beings, and countless books and websites promoting 'the truth' about our alien co-inhabitees of the universe. Furthermore, any amount of New Age psychics and channellers are also preaching 'the word' as 'given to them' by ET cousins.

Given that the universe is such a massive place, and given that there is so much material and evidence for ETs and their activities, isn't it verging on insanity to suggest that there may actually be another reason entirely for such things? How can all of these experiences, books, scholars, and even currently a growing number of scientists and government 'insiders' be mistaken?

Well, one could summarize that briefly, and one would make no impact on a mind that has already taken the view expressed above. But I would sincerely hope that as it takes an open mind to accept such conventionally outlandish ideas as alien visitation, the reader would try and remain equally open-minded, in assessing the contents of what follows.

'But we've read a thousand books on the subject. There is no doubt. Even if they aren't all entirely accurate, one thing's for sure - the common element - and that is ETs exist and they are visiting this planet, have been for centuries, and probably have an agenda for our future.'

To suggest otherwise is heresy. Right?

At least it is increasingly so these days. Ever wondered about that; how something so suppressed and 'true' should be so increasingly accepted by the mainstream, when all along we have been told that 'they' don't want us to know this?

What if such a mindset has been engineered? What if it is being designed in such a way that the entire alien visitor scenario is what the powers-that-be WANT us to replace our religions and belief systems with?

But why? Surely there's a history of government and Intel suppression of this information? They wouldn't hide and suppress what they want us to believe would they?

Well, yes. Firstly, they aren't hiding it! They are steadily creating an air of mystery and allowing us to come to the very conclusions that we are. It's reverse psychology really. And the Illuminati know all about how to control mass mentality.

If all this was so secret, do you really think that all these 'insiders' would still be free and on talk shows, in magazines, and books spreading this top-secret material, having signed national security agreements? Would there be so much availability of this supposedly 'secret' subject in mainstream media? The same media that clearly manages to heavily suppress and distort most of the other material that concerns those in the 'conspiracy' area.

Why, if history shows us that the first UFO organisations that were accusing the CIA and governments of covering up the truth of alien visitors, were actually CIA and government agents, should we believe that suddenly, today, everything they told us was true?

The earliest pro-ET lobbyists were organisations such as NICAP (the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena), which were riddled with former military and Intelligence personnel, such as Donald Keyhoe, a former Pentagon Major involved in investigating the German UFO technology during WW2, Roscoe Hillenkoetter a former CIA director, and several CIA Psychological Warfare Division personnel, such as Joseph Bryan etc. These are the people who, from the outset of the ET myth, were actively creating it!

And why should the CIA and governments have been so interested in ploughing energy into creating UFO groups and cults, if what they say is true? Clearly there's something big belying this agenda, and it certainly is not what those agents told us was going on. The one thing we can be damned sure of is that it isn't alien visitation.

For decades following WW2, the major aeronautics companies such as Boeing and Lockheed, were engaged in the development of saucer-shaped craft (this really took off, excuse the pun, after 1957) . These craft, and more conventional, though secret, craft were being tested; U2 spyplanes, and others were being mobilized, and the CIA had found a way to confuse the Soviets, and the general populace, by hiding these craft in plain sight. Eye-witnesses' stories were spun into tales of extraterrestrial encounters, the news media and magazines like Time and Life had stories planted by the CIA, wherein 'anonymous' government and intelligence sources were 'spilling the beans' on extraterrestrial visitation in saucer-shaped craft. CIA groups like NICAP (subliminally, this rearranges into PANIC!) were lobbying furiously in public and gathering a pro-ET following, actively accusing the government of covering up ET visitation. On the other side of the equation, the government and military were continually officially denying the entire UFO-ET connection, thereby giving the populace the impression that it was 'hiding the truth' about the extraterrestrial visitors.

Later, solitary eye-witnesses would be sometimes abducted and false memories and crude chip devices implanted, so that they would become star witnesses and prophets in an ever-growing new religion of extraterrestrial close encounter-based cultism. The development of ET-based cults was largely a blowback from the disinformation exercise, wherein those of a religious disposition would find other avenues to receive their saviours and satisfy their need for a 'higher power'. Other cult groups would be actively created and encouraged, such as those following the Council of Nine - a council of 9 gods channelled through 'chosen ones' - chosen ones chosen and tutored under the wing of Andrija Puharich, a psychologist formerly (?) part of the CIA's MK-ULTRA mind-control project, specialising in developing drug, radio and hypnotic methods to implant signals directly into the brain!

Despite the technicalities of Mind Control, advanced engineering etc. this really is a simple swindle - although the simplest swindles are often the most effective. The governments and the Intelligence agencies are operating at a high level in concert - the one side denying the position of the other, but both acting by admission or omission to promote in the minds of the public the 'overwhelming evidence' that ETs are visiting Earth in UFOs. It is a swindle that has been sustained for the last half a century. Why mess with a winning formula?

Why do so many people, even those well-versed in UFO lore, not know that the alien stories ORIGINATED in the Intelligence community, when they are also being told BY THE SAME community that the Intel and Govt. arena is deliberately HIDING these truths?

What kind of mental gymnastics does it take to accept that the government is hiding the truth, whilst relying on their agents FOR the information about ETs and UFOs?

The answer is simple: our minds and opinions are being manipulated AWAY from the truth by simple sleight-of-hand magicians' tricks. Whilst we are all looking at the interesting and enthralling spectacle, we are missing the real action, and failing to notice the simple way the deception is achieved. In doing so, we are continually speculating about all manner of conspiracies and hidden technologies, as well as occult realities that vested interests certainly do not want us delving into.

Why are so many authors performing these same mental gymnastics and writing books that expose the Illuminati conspiracy whilst giving one of their conspiracies as reason behind the agenda? If we take the work of David Icke, for example, he has written thousands of pages exposing the Illuminati, but underpins it entirely with Zecharia Sitchin's erroneous and fantastical interpretations of ancient history - the evidence for which is given below. At the same time, Icke claims Sitchin to be a disinformant, as well as claiming that he has attended sacrificial Illuminati rituals in which he transformed into a reptilian. If Sitchin is one of the bad guys then why is he telling the truth about the ETs? I don't believe - as has been rumoured - that Icke is himself a deliberate disinformant, but I do believe that Icke has much to do to re-evaluate his books and understand how much of what he writes comes from disinformation sources (as I pointed out, even from sources he himself identifies as unreliable). It's no use relying on one or two authors to give you the basis of an entire all-encompassing thesis, and relying on cross-referencing authors that all sing from the same hymn sheet, unless you have done enough research into that subject yourself and can understand it sufficiently to be able to decide that those authors are actually properly representing the topic. One can read a hundred books all telling the same story and believe one is well-read in that field, and adopt that version as one's belief system. Icke is merely one example, and perhaps the most popular, of those authors and lecturers who appear to provide a massive amount of evidence and references for their theses, when in fact they are merely replicating work of a handful of other authors who share the commonalities that fit where the author wishes to 'come from'.

The above is merely one example of how the Intelligence community set information sources against each other, providing various 'angles' on a subject to fit the reader's particular mindset, but always keeping the common factor the same. Icke, like most people, works on the basis of documenting 'commonalities', and often points out that although there are many versions of the same story, it is the 'common interconnecting themes' inherent in his documentation that are the evidence for the verity of his explanations. However, creating many 'versions' of disinformation is an integral part of the manipulation. Creating 200 variants on who, why and what, the aliens are, gives people apparent choice as to which version to believe, or whether to synthesise their own version. BUT, it isn't the one version of the scenario that the Intel community are trying to implant (at least not yet), it is merely that the people will accept the CENTRAL THEME - that is the Aliens. They provide a data-hungry audience with a jigsaw puzzle and 'challenge' them to put it together, but they remove key pieces. So the intrepid researcher nearly always ends up piecing together the picture that 'they' want him to, but usually with subtle variations on the central theme. Then, later, other authors rely on such ideas as the basis of their own, but tend to wish to take it a step further, to be a bit cleverer, more insightful, than the last. And so the myths develop many tentacles, whereas the main body remains the central and unifying factor. Of course, that central unifying factor was false to begin with, but given time, nobody bothers to check out the deductions that led to the original idea in the first place; and what we are left with is a hundred and one variations on an erroneous theme, such as found in religions and New Age beliefs. Even science and history all come down to us built upon the dogmas of our forebears. It builds up like an inverted triangle. Of those who do decide to look at things from the first principle and get to the root of the thing, most are overwhelmed by the task at hand because they spend so much time sifting through the very works of those spin-off authors and find the original documentation to be rare, out of print, or whatever, and that it's still tempting to just go along with one of the pre-prepared theories already in existence.

I am no exception to this. As a researcher, I understand how easy it is to get caught up in the red herrings, and how difficult, time-consuming and expensive it is to verify data and explore theories from the bottom up, rather than simply accept the words of others who appear to have done all the work for you. But with each passing week, I am becoming ever more aware of just how much information that is available on these subjects has simply been collated and BELIEVED without being checked out, and have become enormously popular ideas amongst those that consume them as readers. If only the readers knew how much material out there is simply unreliable, and how much these authors only appear to have researched it for themselves, and how many people set themselves up as authorities whilst having merely a smattering of knowledge on their subject, I think the sales of books, seminars and lectures by these personalities would plummet.

People are being groomed en masse into cults of personalities of authors and lecturers pontificating about aliens and conspiracies and ascended masters and all sorts of shallow material, whilst being entirely unaware that they are being so manipulated. They have been told, therefore believe, that the personality will reveal so much, and they trust that the author or presenter has thoroughly examined the subject. But nine times out of ten, the author is merely dressing up their own belief system in apparently new clothes, from the very material that created their belief system and cult mentality in the first place. The authors often do not realise they are wrong, and that their truth is a belief-system, and so usually begin proceedings by telling their audience that they are against religion and cults and orthodoxy etc. And the audience is impressed by that, finds a kindred sceptic in their preferred source, and ends up becoming a part of an alternative belief system that believes it is now free and onto 'the truth', rather than being one of 'them', a 'straight' or an 'unawakened' or 'unenlightened' one. It all serves to make the New Age and alternative conspiracy community feel rather special.

Again, I do not divorce myself from this phenomenon. I too am at the mercy of my sources, and I too feel I have an important message for people to consider. I believe in the verity of what I believe and provide reason and evidence. Which is why I am always at pains to ask people to think for themselves and try and verify any information provided by me or anyone else. All I try and do is make sense of things as best I can and put it up for consideration. Authors, researchers, lecturers, presenters, journalists, scholars etc. are all readers too; not necessarily as wise or knowledgeable as they may appear, no matter how many pages they churn out. I've met many people who have never written an article or a book who are far more knowledgeable about such things than many recognised authors on certain topics. And yet, it is these recognised characters who are fast becoming the new authorities and priests of the new breed of New Age and related cultic movements. And most of them are singing from the same sheet. So there's little difference really, and the reader's choice is largely an illusion. Just as for centuries the West was divided fundamentally into Catholics and Protestants, and few thought to consider that there may be an alternative to Christianity in the first place, so too today there are increasingly many people who are failing to consider that there may be an alternative to the ET central core theme.

For many the issue is settled, and no amount of scepticism or 'debunking' will convince them otherwise.

If a host of cults and belief systems can be created now, it is only a matter of wheeling out the advanced technology and a bunch of 'experts' later to unite those diverse believers into a unified belief system. If all of those pre-prepared believers believe in the common theme of aliens, the process should be fairly easy. The rest of the herd will go along with it too, because who isn't going to believe a fly-by of UFO craft, combined with news footage of alien artefacts and accredited experts stating that 'we now know scientifically that ETs are visiting Earth', whilst on the other channel are a bunch of experts on ancient writings showing how the ancient texts tell us that these beings have been here for millennia, busily telling us that pictures of old art and symbolism are really spacecraft and alien life-forms? The newspapers will be full of this most amazing revelation of the age - the headlines will be unavoidable. Suddenly, everything will make sense to the man in the street, who is prone to believing anything an 'expert' tells him, and will promptly rush out and buy as many Icke, Sitchin and related books as he can find. Everything he reads in those books will reinforce the evidence he has been given and he will never think to question or look for himself. He will wonder why he never 'got it' in the first place and will bow to the superiority of all those at whom he scoffed in the past, and they will gladly provide him with everything he needs to know.

Oh the joy that will be felt around the world, when finally everyone joins the new reality and is 'awakened'. But those pesky religious types will need sorting out for the greater good of all, of course! The heretics and infidels of the old ways, those pagans and heathens who cannot understand or accept the clear Truth!

Hang on, where have I heard that before? Why am I put in mind of the Inquisition, the witchtrials and the various religious purges of the last few thousand years?

Don't assume it won't happen, because it always did before, and there's no reason to suspect that in time to come this new religion will not be exactly the same foundation for intolerance and mass mind control as those that preceded it.

Another author to influence the conspiracy and New Age community with his own version of the ET mythos, William Cooper, realised a few years before his death that he had been used in a clever scam - to convince people that aliens were visiting Earth, manipulating people through a network of conspiratorial organisations that the Earth's governments were colluding with. But still, today, his book Behold A Pale Horse remains a widely-quoted script for the 'exposure' of the ET agenda. How many people realise that only several years after releasing that book, Cooper retracted the whole alien connection? Not only that, but many books have since been based upon this book, such as David Icke's Robot's Rebellion and its follow-up works, that maintain the exact same basis as the cornerstone of the world view represented therein. Like myself, he made the transition and broke away from the mould of the community he was essentially part of. He wasn't afraid to let go of his beliefs and dogmas and tell things as he saw them. I recommend that the reader also reads MAJESTYTWELVE by Bill Cooper.

ETs sell books - but as experience has shown me, giving the alternative, no matter how reasonable or well-referenced, does not attract much attention. It is exciting and stimulating to consider that the sci-fi we grew up with as children may actually be true. The more sensational and outlandish, the more promises that 'this book reveals more' than the others, the more people will buy them. The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it. And the Illuminati know this all too well.

We have come so far now down the ET road that the mass belief has become a NEW RELIGION; one rejected as such by its adherents. It is a belief that is now 'the truth' to so many people. Such adherents - like members of all cults - do not consider their own beliefs to be cultic or religious. How can the 'truth' be 'religion'?

We are not infallible. We can not be expected to know everything. We are ALL at the mercy of our sources, and we take on faith the accuracy of their data. If you want to find the truth in anything, never be afraid of re-evaluating your beliefs.

This conspiracy to replace the old gods and revise history with swathes of extra-terrestrial beings and introduce a new religion for a new scientific age, is so stealthy, so ingrained and so vast that I do not blame anyone for accepting such scenarios as 'the truth'. Indeed, several years ago, I too would have offered the ancient astronaut hypothesis as the most likely candidate to explain any number of mysteries and conventionally-inexplicable phenomena. Yes, I too have read these books and been fascinated since early childhood with the idea of alien visitation; many a time I have gazed at the night skies for hours in the hope that I would witness a UFO. And yes, on a few occasions I have seen them!

Towards the late 1990s I began to find many answers to those same questions that create alien beliefs, that had nothing to do with ETs. I either had to keep my own mind open and accept that I may have been wrong - which the new data showed me was the case - or I could have remained cocooned in a belief system, and used 'the aliens are responsible' as a convenient answer to those very anomalies and mysteries.

I spoke to many people who were primarily interested in UFO and alien research, and none were aware of the data I was starting to collate, and none were able to provide answers or give as reasonable an explanation for the phenomena we were discussing. That situation has not changed.

'But aren't you just a sceptic? There are loads of debunkers who just either haven't seen all the data or are misinformationists.'

Good question, and a very common one. There are simple sceptics that take the conventional views and ridicule alternative free-thinking. I am certainly not one of them. Anyone familiar with my work will know that I have spent many years experiencing and investigating occultism, the paranormal, psychism, and of late science and history of 'unexplained' phenomena. I have always advocated such research and always accepted as normal the reality of multiple dimensions, psychic phenomena, inter-dimensional communication, and have always leaned towards the New Age modes of thought. But I have always remained sceptical of claims that I have not explored in sufficient detail for myself.

And yes, there are many debunkers and sceptics who offer the shallowest of debunking material and deserve to be discredited. However, just as Intel have agents in the field putting these alien stories into circulation, they also have a lot of those opposing that same material. This is deliberate, in order that the debunkers can be themselves debunked by the UFO community, and thereby give greater credence to the alien agenda. It is not because official sources and debunkers are bad at obscuring the truth about alien visitation that they never provide credible explanations for the UFO reports, it is because they are supposed to make such a hash of it that the average researcher or reader will feel that they have the opposition 'sussed', which reinforces their belief in the alien agenda and that the government/Intel/Illuminati are trying to keep it 'hushed up'.

People naturally feel rather chuffed when they believe they have outsmarted the opposition. This reinforces a belief system splendidly. The Illuminati know that, and they are a lot cleverer than the vast majority of us!

It is not for me to tell anyone what or how to believe, nor to impose my own beliefs on anyone else, but on this matter I do implore those readers who now wish to reject outright the following material, to read on. You may have read a thousand books on the following subjects and NEVER been presented with the data below; even if you believe you have read just about everything going and are convinced that this is a closed subject.

If you believe that ETs are visiting planet Earth, that they founded civilisation, have an agenda for mankind or that they are merely benevolent 'watchers' of mankind (or all the above), THINK AGAIN! That's what you are SUPPOSED to believe, as far as I am concerned. I believe you have been fooled. Accept that or not, but from what I have gathered over the years, that is my firm belief. Do not reject it outright as 'but that's just your belief', but examine the data and the reasoning behind it, and decide for yourself what makes sense.

The mechanics of the inter-dimensional mind is such that it is very difficult to escape belief systems. The collective unconscious is a swarming mass of archetypes and ideas that affect us perpetually. Unless we can learn to separate the external influence of the sea of energy around us from the mind that lies within us, and truly think for ourselves, we are easily victims of those who know how to manipulate the information coming into our heads and minds through the five senses, as well as the occult fields.

What is actually being hidden from plain sight by the programming of people to see 'aliens' where they are not, is profound! Real technology, NOT back-engineered alien technology, but real technology based on physics that is over 100 years old which has been obscured and written out of the text books - if it ever managed to sneak into them at all, that is. The same physics that lies behind the engineering of flying discs is also that which would provide free and clean power. And that same physics works on principles that also explain many other so-called mysteries or 'paranormal phenomena'. No wonder it is hidden!

The science we see on show today is over 50 years behind that which exists in secret.

Concurrently, the cover-stories are being used to create a new religion that replaces and brings together the other out-dated religions, much as Christianity did 2000 years ago. Steadily, it was manufactured out of diverse religious sources across the Roman empire, and used to control those people of other religions with a 'one size fits all' Catholic one. The consequences of which have been a disaster for mankind - eons of mental and spiritual slavery, as well as the cause of genocides. Religion is the ideal tool of control, and currently 'the ETs' are the racing cert for being the basis of the next biggie.

People are already being condescended to and even ridiculed in websites and magazines for not believing in the aliens. They are already becoming a new generation of HERETICS. It won't be too long before we start to see a more sinister mentality growing in the 'believers', as extremist factions begin to form and the course of the new religion inevitably takes the same one as that of the other main religions of history.

Are you honest enough and courageous enough to reconsider deeply held beliefs and realities? Or are you convinced that the ETs are out there and they are coming and no amount of 'debunking' will convince you otherwise?

It's your choice. I wish you well in whatever view you take.

The bigger the lie, the more people will believe it. If you know the truth, then you cannot be taken in by the lie. However, if you believe lies, then all you will find is evidence to reinforce the illusion. The only solution is a truly open mind, a willingness to shed one's dogmas no matter how dearly cherished, and absolute honesty.

 

The following, albeit lengthy, compilation of articles merely scratch the surface of the matter at hand. The subject is worthy of at least several volumes of books, as there are so many interrelated topics to consider.

In my own comments, I have drawn on the work of Prof. L A Waddell to explain some of the historical data of ancient Sumer. Most readers may be familiar with Waddell through the recent works of David Icke. In my view, Icke has done a great service in explaining the intricacies of the Illuminati agenda, but has made the fundamental error of combining Waddell's work with that of Sitchin to create a hybridised false version of history, and used that false history as the entire basis of his current world view. In Waddell's history there are no extraterrestrials - and to the ancients the only extra-terrestrials were the heavenly bodies, and these became the 'gods and the watchers and teachers of mankind. They were often humanized (albeit supernaturally so) or expressed in totemic animal form or hybrids of both. But the ancients did not recognise the concept of alien beings riding in ships from outer space and interacting with mankind! Waddell does indeed need to be tempered with data from other fields - especially in the region of ancient mythology, which he sometimes confused for real history despite his invaluable insights into this field. He failed to realise the full extent to which ancient historical characters became fused with cultural mythologies, and where the origins of these mythologies lay. Almost inevitably, such characters became fused in cultural histories with archetypes of ancient mythology based around the cycles of nature, ancient astronomy etc. I do not go into these elements below, but urge the reader to look at the work of Acharya S, Gerald Massey etc. to see where these mythologies derived from and how.

One MUST study comparative mythology to understand the meaning behind the stories that are today being passed off as tales of ancient extraterrestrials. One CANNOT rely on the accuracy of the likes of Sitchin and Icke to portray these myths as they were understood by their creators. If one studies for oneself the same mythologies presented throughout the globe, one finds that there are many different versions of the same myths that clearly do not even hint at extraterrestrials, but instead reveal an early form of scientific explanation of natural phenomena using that which was visible and observed by the ancients as similes.

Ivan Fraser


Refuting Zecharia Sitchin's Ancient Astronauts and Planet X Theses

updated article taken from The Truth Campaign magazine issue 25

I really don’t want to belabour the point re Sitchin and Planet X etc. but for the fact that these kinds of theories have taken such a dramatic hold of so many people’s views on the ancients and impact upon their views of the present and future (doomsday prophecies etc). Currently, the most popular doomsday prophecy doing the rounds is the Planet X theory, which basically states that a rogue planet with a massive orbit will be returning in 2003 to cause catastrophe on Earth. This theory has developed over the years and is first to be found in the works of Zecharia Sitchin.

While there are so many people quoting the ‘Sumerian texts’ straight from Sitchin, or indirectly from the other sources who have also directly or indirectly replicated his bizarre interpretations, I feel we cannot simply ignore the impact this one man has had on the entire New Age movement. More importantly, we must consider the very real implications for our future if this revisionist movement continues at the pace it is going.

Amongst the popular authors who have used erroneous material from Sitchin are Graham Hancock and Robert Beauval, who relied on Sitchin’s assertion that the Great Pyramid at Giza had no evidence within it to show it was built in the 3rd millennium BC. They took him at his word that essential data – an inscription inside the pyramid relating to Khufu – was actually a later piece of fraudulent graffiti. Fortunately, Hancock has now assessed this himself and agrees that the inscription is of Khufu and it does prove that the pyramid was constructed no earlier than Khufu’s reign.

Another author – whose current theories regarding an extraterrestrial race seeding manipulating bloodlines in the ancient world are built upon Sitchin’s ideas – is David Icke. Icke has recently written two very popular books based on this theory and has in the process contaminated the superb work of Prof. L A Waddell with the disinformation of Sitchin. Again, the average reader is unlikely to have the knowledge-base with which to deconstruct the kind of mess which Icke has created of history by combining good source material with disinformation.

I too am guilty of accepting Sitchin’s translations at face value and used some of them in my earlier work. Like many others, I had read the superlative commendations about Sitchin’s scholarship and had not yet looked outside of Sitchin and Alford’s Gods of the New Millennium at the wide range of sources concerning the Sumerians that are available. So I do sympathise with other readers and researchers who have also fallen naively into the same trap. I am also grateful for Sitchin’s work, which initially stimulated my interest in the Sumerians, and gave me so many insights into how history and texts can be manipulated and mislead millions of people.

Today, there are many other such authors. Some are innocently taken in by the hoax, others are knowing hoaxers employed by the Illuminati’s Intelligence community to deliberately spread masses of fraudulent information to hide the truth about the secret aircraft development programme. This knowledge of advanced physics could revolutionise human life if it were widely acknowledged, by not only providing advanced craft, but free energy for the world. Another reason for the maintenance of this hoax is to distort our understanding of history, religion and mythology. If we were to truly understand the meanings behind the writings of our elder cultures, which are basis for most of the world’s religious beliefs, we would see and understand that our diversity of beliefs and faiths stem from common truths that have been perverted, distorted and used for dividing mankind, both from each other and from our own inner connection with our innate spiritual core. If the Truth were known, rather than beliefs bought and sold in packages of religion, then we could remove religion altogether - the greatest mind manipulation and social control tool in the Illuminati’s arsenal - and live in harmony and freedom, together.

One has to be aware of the wolves in sheep’s clothing. Many such authors are active in informing you that they are ‘freeing’ you from the mind control of religion, through deconstructing them and providing you with evidence to support their claims. However, what so many of them are actually doing is tearing down the foundations of religions (not necessarily a bad thing, in my opinion), to replace them with the ‘alien gods’ or ‘ascended master gods’ scenarios, which the reader may never even consider to be a new religion. And far from being ‘freed’ or ‘enlightened’, such people are actually being re-herded into new pens full of manageable sheep who believe they are free.

I have already said a good deal in previous magazines about what I see as a plan to create a new religion, which will bring us up to date in technological terms, whilst at the same time coalescing the previous religions, gods and mythologies into a united ‘they were all aliens’ scenario, and minor variations upon it. Christianity amalgamated the world religions into one manageable religion for the Romans 2000 years ago, and it would appear that we are heading for the next Universal (Catholic) Church, through which they can mind control future generations.

Sitchin is certainly not the only author to distort and mislead us, but is certainly the most influential, and most of what is being said in these articles about Sitchin can be applied to countless other New Age, historical revisionist and UFO-related authors.

Most people do not have the time to investigate the complex background to information presented in books on ancient texts. In the main, people develop an interest in a particular angle on a subject – for instance the ancient astronaut hypothesis. They will then read many books of the same type, usually coming from the same angle, often by a bunch of authors who cross-reference each other incestuously. They may then consider themselves quite well-read on the subject. However, unless they have taken the time to study the same texts and histories from many other perspectives, they will not have a good perspective from which to judge whether the material they favour is reasonable.

It has struck me how much information is available, and has been for many years, which your conventional ancient astronaut author will never reference, criticise or ever try to incorporate into their work. This applies equally to any number of revisionist Egyptology, Sumerian, ancient civilisation, Atlantis etc. etc. authors too. It would appear that these authors are either extremely ignorant of the available data – which I have difficulty believing, as they usually appear very well-read in their field – or they have so narrowed their field of vision to exclude the available answers in order to create an illusion that there are far more ‘holes’ in our knowledge than there actually are.

They usually start from the proffered premise that ‘we believe’ today a certain scenario which ‘experts’ have developed, such authors usually take pains to disassemble the ‘conventional view’ of academia and reveal the glaring inconsistencies; showing us how the academic viewpoint as taught in universities simply can’t be true or is at least highly dubious. And I agree in the main that conventional history needs to be revised, but we simply cannot ignore the mass of data which has been gathered by academia over the years, even if we do not necessarily agree with the overall picture such academics paint with this data. In the books of many of today’s popular alternative authors, once the subject is rendered ambiguous and open to interpretation, the authors then go on to ‘fill the gaps’ with highly speculative or tentative information as evidence of their own particular theory. Again, this is not necessarily improper; all authors and theorists do this. What is improper is when the conventional view is artificially distorted to make it appear to the reader to be inadequate or ridiculous; something which the average reader is unlikely to recognise.

Moreover, surely, when there is a huge body of information available which does provide adequate explanation, we need to question both the ability and the motivation of the author who never references known evidence and proof that would negate their own theories.

Sitchin is a good example of one who ignores known data, misquotes and mistranslates, and who leaves out elements of well-known data – even parts of well-known texts – which remove the proper context, so that he can reconstruct carefully selected fragments of hand-picked data into an internally consistent book. Although the individual books may seem to be internally consistent – which is all the average reader will know and therefore accept – when viewed next to the available data, such theories are blatantly ridiculous and clearly manufactured to con a reader who unfortunately knows no better; a reader who trusts the author to have done his homework and to be reasonable with the data – especially when, as in the case of Sitchin – the author is widely acclaimed to be an ‘expert’ and one of a handful of people in the world who can read the ancient Sumerian texts. It is clear that Sitchin is not an expert at all. In fact, most of his 12th Planet is merely a collation of standard works such as Kramer's, which is then used as the basis of a deconstruction and ‘retranslation’ into the ET-gods scenario.

I fail to see where Sitchin has done any proper translation work of his own, or has revealed anything which was not already available in the standard works. The only ‘new’ material in the 12th Planet comes in the form of mistranslation, and distortion of known data.

Unfortunately, it is this mistranslated data that any number of books, New Age gurus and websites are quoting to support their belief in the ancient astronaut theory. Amazingly, these clearly erroneous translations and histories are also being ‘channelled’ by numerous New Age gurus who claim to be receiving the information directly from spirits, ascended masters or aliens! There is a mass market for such things today; naïve ‘truthseekers’ all over the world have been captured in the glamour and excitement of the ETs and many have invested their entire view of reality on such paradigms as ‘the aliens will save us’, or ‘the aliens are coming’, which has replaced conventional religion as a means of explaining creation and providing answers from ‘above’ or ‘out there’.

So let’s look at the evidence and decide for ourselves if Sitchin’s particular version of history has any merit, and whether there is any reason to fear Planet X. Then we will take a brief look at one key area in mythology – astronomy and astrology – which is usually misunderstood, thereby creating a host of motifs that people such as Sitchin have speculated about and refashioned into new theories and myths over the years. I’ll run past you a few theories of my own into the bargain and you can see if they make any more sense in the light of the following information.

Ivan Fraser


 

A REFUTATION OF THE THEORIES OF ZECHARIA SITCHIN

by

Ian Lawton

Copyright Ian Lawton 1st May 2000

Reproduced from Genesis – the official website of Ian Lawton

www.ianlawton.com

INTRODUCTION TO SITCHIN'S THEORIES

The first of author Zecharia Sitchin's Earth Chronicles series of books, The Twelfth Planet, was published in 1976. Perhaps the most appropriate way of introducing him is to quote from the cover of the 1991 edition:1

Zecharia Sitchin was raised in Palestine, where he acquired a profound knowledge of modern and ancient Hebrew, other Semitic and European languages, the Old Testament, and the history and archaeology of the Near East. He attended the London School of Economics and Political Science and graduated from the University of London, majoring in economic history. A leading journalist and editor in Israel for many years, he now lives and writes in New York.

One of the few scholars able to read and understand Sumerian, Sitchin has based The Earth Chronicles, his recent series of books dealing with Earth’s and man’s prehistories, on the information and texts written down on clay tablets by the ancient civilisations of the Near East. His books have been widely translated, reprinted in paperback editions, converted to Braille for the blind, and featured on radio and television programmes.

Again quoting from the cover, we will let Sitchin speak for himself in introducing his books:2

The Earth Chronicles series is based on the premise that mythology is not fanciful but the repository of ancient memories; that the Bible ought to be read literally as a historic/scientific document; and that ancient civilisations – older and greater than assumed – were the product of knowledge brought to Earth by the Anunnaki, 'Those Who from Heaven to Earth Came'.

The Twelfth Planet [1976], the first book of the series, presents ancient evidence for the existence of an additional planet in the Solar System: the home planet of the Anunnaki. In confirmation of this evidence, recent data from unmanned spacecraft has led astronomers to actively search for what is being called 'Planet X'.

The subsequent volume, The Stairway to Heaven [1980], traces man’s unending search for immortality to a spaceport in the Sinai Peninsula and to the Giza Pyramids, which had served as landing beacons for it – refuting the notion that these pyramids were built by human pharaohs. Recently, records by an eye witness to a forgery of an inscription by the pharaoh Khufu inside the Great Pyramid corroborated the book’s conclusions.

The Wars of Gods and Men [1985], recounting events closer to our times, concludes that the Sinai spaceport was destroyed 4,000 years ago with nuclear weapons. Photographs of Earth from space clearly show evidence of such an explosion.

Such gratifying corroboration of audacious conclusions has been even swifter for The Lost Realms [1990]. In the relatively short interval between the completion of the manuscript and its publication, archaeologists, linguists, and other scientists have offered a 'coastal theory' in lieu of the 'frozen trekking' one to account for man’s arrival in the Americas – in ships, as this volume has concluded; have 'suddenly discovered 2,000 years of missing civilisation', in the words of a Yale University scholar

– confirming this book’s conclusion; and are now linking the beginnings of such civilisations to those of the Old World, as Sumerian texts and biblical verses suggest.

I trust that modern science will continue to confirm ancient knowledge.

In fact this description somewhat undersells certain key elements of Sitchin’s theories, especially in relation to the contents of The Twelfth Planet, his most widely-read and influential book. Not only does he suggest that a race of 'flesh and blood' gods who were capable of space flight visited Earth from their home planet, which the Ancients called 'Nibiru', nearly half a million years ago. He goes on to speculate that they came in order to mine precious minerals which were abundant on our planet; that they created modern Homo sapiens by genetic engineering, mixing their own genes with those of the primitive hominids they encountered ('in their own image'); that they did this in order to create a slave race to take over the mining and refining work; and that they lived for sometimes thousands of years, were capable of good, evil, compassion and brutality, and warred with each other and their human offspring.

Sitchin’s comments on how he first embarked on this unorthodox path of research many decades ago are illuminating:3

My starting point was, going back to my childhood and schooldays, the puzzle of who were the 'Nefilim', that are mentioned in Genesis 6 as the sons of the gods who married the daughters of man in the days before the great flood, the Deluge. The word ‘Nefilim’ is commonly, or used to be, translated 'giants'. And I am sure that you and your readers are familiar with quotes and Sunday preachings, etc., that those were the days when there were giants upon the Earth. I questioned this interpretation as a child at school, and I was reprimanded for it because the teacher said 'You don’t question the Bible'. But I did not question the Bible, I questioned an interpretation that seemed inaccurate, because the word Nefilim, the name by which those extraordinary beings 'the sons of the gods' were known, means literally 'Those who have come down to Earth from the heavens', from the Hebrew word nafal which means to fall, come down, descend.

This experience proved to be the prototype for one of the major cornerstones of Sitchin’s work: the re-interpretation of a number of key words which appear in ancient texts in various languages. It is this approach, combined with the re-evaluation of archaeological and scientific evidence to support his theories, which led him to such a startling series of conclusions.

There is no doubt that the publication of these books has lead to Sitchin being feted by many as a visionary and scholar, with a 'guru-rating' that is almost off the scale. Indeed his knowledge of ancient Near Eastern history and language at first sight appears so vast that few authors have even attempted to elaborate on his work, let alone dare to criticise it.

But is everything in the garden as rosy as it appears to his many followers? Let us find out by making a more detailed examination...

NOTES

  1. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet (Bear & Co, 1991; 1st Edition, Stein & Day, 1976).

  2. For completeness it should be noted that there is a fifth book in the series, When Time Began, which was published in 1993 after this extract was written. It mainly examines precessional ages, and the ancient monuments such as Stonehenge and Machu Picchu which Sitchin argues were used to monitor them. Furthermore in 1990 he published a companion volume, Genesis Revisited, which essentially provided an update on his theories in the light of the latest scientific discoveries.

  3. Extract from an interview conducted in 1993 by Connecting Link, and published in Issue 17.

 

SITCHIN'S SCHOLASTIC APPROACH

Having read The Twelfth Planet some years ago at a very early stage in my own research career, and in keeping with my avowed approach of not accepting the research of others at face value, I began my search for intelligent appraisals thereof. I emphasise 'intelligent', because as usual on the Internet I found many fawning tributes, many of which proceeded to expand into all manner of 'para-babble' about visitors from elsewhere and channelled messages about 'The Ancient Ones' returning which, while they may or may not be true, are usually presented in so evangelistic and faith-is-all-you-need a fashion that the more discriminating reader is left cold. I also came across similarly stomach-turning bigotry from those of orthodox persuasions, to whom any mention of advanced ancient civilisations and visitors from other planets raises their stridency and vitriol levels to unparalleled heights.

However in the midst of all this I did find a few commentators providing snippets that were sufficient to set me off on the right course. And the first criticism I found was that Sitchin’s level of scholastic ability is not all it might seem. Although it does not flow particularly well, The Twelfth Planet contains so many apparent gems which appear to provide an explanation for the evidence of man’s level of advancement in antiquity, that you tend to read it in a frenzy of excitement. 'At last the answers for which we have all been searching!' is the initial reaction of many readers, and was certainly mine.

But when you go back and look again, you can see that the few who have dared to criticise his work have a point. Although The Twelfth Planet, for example, contains many references and a reasonable bibliography, many of the more contentious assertions are presented with little or no source information. This is especially true of his textual quotes from Mesopotamian literature, which are usually his own interpretations and not taken direct from the work of other scholars. Therefore merely locating the same passage in the orthodox translations can be exasperating; and if and when you do find them, they often bear little resemblance. Similarly much of his pictorial evidence based on carvings and reliefs on tablets and stelae is in the form of hand-copied drawings; this is fine if they are properly referenced to the original piece in a museum collection, but often they are not. This makes them similarly exasperating to trace when attempting to ensure they can be relied on as accurate representations of the original.

To the non-professional researcher these criticisms may seem unduly harsh and pedantic. But as soon as one gets a sniff that all is not well with Sitchin, and that there is a good chance he is at the very least mistaken in some of his interpretations, they become all too relevant when evaluating his work. The Twelfth Planet is littered with textual extracts which, as well as being poorly referenced and therefore sometimes untraceable even after significant amounts of detective work, is consistently so much at odds with orthodox translations that alarm bells ring all the time.

We saw in a previous paper that even expert Sumerologist Thorkild Jacobsen admitted relatively recently that the study of the Sumerian language, while not exactly in its infancy, still allows professional scholars to produce translations which 'may diverge so much that one would never guess that they rendered the same text'. On the face of it this gives Sitchin considerable support. However there are a number of factors which mitigate against this in his case.

First, much of his 'evidence' (where it is possible to establish the source) comes from Akkadian texts which do not suffer the from the same degree of uncertainty – and yet his translations of these still diverge.

Second, even where he uses orthodox translations they are usually regarded as obsolete and, even more important, he can be extremely selective in his extracts. Nowhere is this better demonstrated that in the evidence he uses to suggest that the word shem, translated by modern scholars as 'name' or 'reputation', derives from a root which indicates that it means a 'sky chamber' of some sort. This is such a good example that I have devoted the entirety of the next paper ('What’s in a Shem?') to a case study thereof, for those who wish to review the detailed support for my criticisms. In my view this case study indicates that, at least in some cases, Sitchin shortens and even omits intervening lines from extracts which when considered in full render his interpretation meaningless in the context.

Third, at least one professional linguist who has taken the trouble to examine Sitchin’s work has come up with massive criticisms of his understanding of the Sumerian and Akkadian languages. These are contained in some newsgroup postings from several years ago made by a professor of Near Eastern Studies at a well-known American University. (I refuse to name him because in the course of a brief correspondence with him he made his views on Sitchin’s work abundantly clear, stating that he did not want his name associated with what he regards as 'rubbish', and nor did he want to be bothered by further correspondence from people he regards as cranks. I fully respect his wishes, and have only provided the scant information about him above in order that I cannot be accused of making this important evidence up.) The gist of his criticisms of Sitchin (or at least those that are scholarly and linguistics based) is that he demonstrates a consistent lack of appreciation of even some of the most basic fundamentals of Sumerian and Akkadian grammar, even to the extent of regularly failing to distinguish between the two entirely different languages, and mixing words from each in interpreting the syllables of longer compound words. As an example, he analyses Sitchin’s interpretation of the name Marduk as 'son of the pure mound',1 and suggests that he has mixed the Akkadian word maru, which means 'son', with the Sumerian words du and ku, meaning 'mound' and 'pure' respectively. But, he asserts, such words from different languages were never mixed, even in a proper name; they would have used a combination of words all taken from one language or the other. Our source provides countless other examples of this type of confusion, for example in Sitchin’s translation of shem, mu, naru, Enki, Enlil, Eridu, Ishkur, and Tiamat, which seem to provide compelling evidence that the bulk of his interpretations are spurious and incorrect – apparently made up from bits and pieces of different languages and with letters and syllables swapped at will. Since these examples all came from just a few chapters of The Twelfth Planet (before our source decided he had better things to do with his time), and there were hardly any translations that were not distorted, the conclusion our source drew is that none of Sitchin’s translations and interpretations should be implicitly trusted.

Fourth, even where Sitchin’s alternative interpretations might have some degree of foundation, the implications which he derives from them can be highly implausible for other reasons, unrestricted paradigms notwithstanding. A prime example of this is his literal interpretation of the Epic of Creation, in which his argument that this is a literal description of the formation of our solar system is supported by assumptions which, from the perspective of cosmology and astronomy, are highly dubious. Once again this is a subject to which we will return in a separate paper.

Fifth, he shows a great deal of imagination in weaving the web of a story from all this 'evidence', which has resulted over the course of the entire Earth Chronicles in the creation of a highly detailed account of events on earth over several hundred thousand years. In doing so he makes an incalculable number of assumptions, the incorrectness of any one of which would invalidate whole sections of his work. As a case in point, he relies heavily on assumptions about relationships between members of the Sumerian pantheon. For example, he repeatedly uses the underlying theme of a rivalry between members of the Enki-ite and Enlil-ite clans as an explanation for a whole series of events spanning many millennia. And yet we have seen in a previous paper that it is in most cases impossible to definitively identify any god’s parents, spouse, offspring etc. because of the extent to which they vary in the different texts. It is certainly highly dubious to make definitive assumptions about certain gods coming from a particular branch of the family tree. In my view this false assumption, combined with many similar examples too numerous to mention, undermine his detailed work to the extent that in large part it arguably becomes highly imaginative fiction – fascinating to read for the uninitiated, probably far more so than my own efforts which are relatively dry in comparison – but primarily fiction nevertheless.

As a final example of the quality of Sitchin’s work, The Twelfth Planet contains a hand-copied drawing of a cylinder seal which is accompanied by the following description:2

That radioactive materials were known and used to treat certain ailments is certainly suggested by a scene of medical treatment depicted on a cylinder seal dating to the very beginning of Sumerian civilisation. It shows, without question, a man lying on a special bed; his face is protected by a mask, and he is being subjected to some kind of radiation [my highligh].

Anyone who cares to look this drawing up will see an ordinary looking table, a body wearing a mask with a face on each side, and three wavy lines above the body which could just as easily be flames or water (which was often depicted in this way). To use the words without question is, without question, exaggerating a highly dubious and subjective interpretation. This is also a prime example, of which there are many, of the complete lack of any reference as to the location and source of the original seal. Indeed none of his books contain a separate reference section or footnotes. This is not normal practice for a supposedly scholarly reference work.

It is also interesting to note that British researcher Alan Alford, whose Gods of the New Millennium3 was probably the major book that followed up on Sitchin's work, has since comprehensively rejected the idea of 'flesh and blood gods'.4

I should perhaps say a few words about my motivation for going to some lengths to expose what I perceive as the weaknesses of a fellow researcher's work, instead of perhaps just ignoring it and moving on. The reason is that, over the last quarter of a century, Sitchin's books have made a considerable worldwide impact, and have persuaded a great many people that the 'gods' were flesh and blood visitors from elsewhere. This idea has become extended by many into the belief that they will return to 'save' the human race. I believe this is a fundamentally dangerous proposition which merely perpetuates the mistaken view that mankind must look outside of itself for its eventual salvation or destruction – when in fact our fate lies entirely in our own hands via faith in our own divinity.

NOTES

  1. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet (Bear & Co, 1991), Chapter 4, p. 105.

  2. Ibid., Chapter 2, p. 42; the reference is to Figure 15 therein.

  3. Alford, Gods of the New Millennium (Hodder and Stoughton, 1997).

  4. For example, see the interview with Alford in May 2000 on The Daily Grail web site http://dailygrail.com/interviews/alford1.html

 

WHAT'S IN A SHEM?

Sitchin claims that although the word shem – which is used repeatedly in both Sumerian and Akkadian texts – is translated as 'name' by orthodox scholars, it in fact refers to a far older derivation which originally implied some form of 'sky-chamber'. To quote Sitchin himself:1

The Mesopotamian texts that refer to the inner enclosures of temples, or to the heavenly journeys of the gods, or even to instances where mortals ascended to the heavens, employ the Sumerian term mu or its Semitic derivatives shu-mu ('that which is a mu'), sham or shem. Because the term also connoted 'that by which one is remembered,' the word has come to be taken as meaning 'name.' But the universal application of 'name' to early texts that spoke of an object used in flying has obscured the true meaning of the ancient records.

He goes on to describe how the etymology of the term can be traced from 'sky chamber' to 'name'. He argues that original stone sculptures of gods inside oval rocket-shaped chambers, which were used to venerate them in places remote from their temples, were eventually copied by kings and rulers and their own images placed thereon in order that they could associate themselves with the 'Eternal Abode', and have their 'name' preserved even if they were only mortal. These objects are what we now refer to as stelae. He further examines the words used for such objects in a number of languages, arguing that they all share common connotations of 'fiery stones that rise'.

Mesopotamian scholars have indicated that this analysis is highly misleading because the term mu is a Sumerian verbal prefix which does not require translation. For once Sitchin admits to being aware of this criticism, and counters that scholars have deliberately invented this grammatical construct precisely because they 'sense that mu or shem may mean an object not "name"… and have thereby avoided the issue altogether.'1

What are we to make of all this? As most of us are not scholars of Mesopotamian language we can hardly comment definitively on this element of the debate, although it is interesting to note how easy it is to add yet more fuel to the fire to obscure the picture still further. For example Thorkild Jacobsen notes, quite independently of this theme, that shem can also be used to denote a 'tambourine-like drum'.2 It would be perfectly justifiable for me then to argue that its use as 'name' or 'reputation' developed from association with this meaning of the word via the concept of 'banging one’s own drum'. This example serves to show how the use of words with multiple meanings, especially in the Sumerian language, can allow all manner of interpretations and associations to be made.

As we have seen this is true of many words on which Sitchin places great emphasis. Accordingly I have chosen the word shem as a case study for evaluating his interpretations, mainly because in this case he backs his argument up with a large number of extracts from texts which apparently support his case. My own approach was to examine these usually condensed extracts and see if his interpretations made sense in the context of the texts from which they came.

Of the twelve main textual extracts which Sitchin uses, three are taken from the Bible, three are from Sumerian texts, four from Akkadian texts, while I have been unable to trace translations for the remaining two due to the lack of referencing. They are presented in this order below.

I have used the following notation in presenting the extracts: words in square brackets represent the (sometimes assumed) original word in the source text, while those in upper case represent those omitted from the beginning, middle or end of quotes by Sitchin which can distort the full context. The italics used in the extracts themselves are mine, for emphasis. For each extract I have also added my own analysis.

Text Extracts

Genesis 6:43

There were giants in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown [shem].

Sitchin’s quoting here appears to be perfectly accurate, and it has to be said that the use of the word shem here could equally well reflect either his or the orthodox interpretation.

Genesis 11:2-84

And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plane in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said to one another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name [shem], lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another’s speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city.

Again, although he uses a different translation of the Bible, there is nothing wrong with Sitchin’s quoting here. However he stresses the impact the actions of mankind had on the gods, especially their fear that 'nothing will be restrained from them', and goes on to suggest that the building of a shem would have prevented mankind’s being 'scattered abroad' because, as their population increased and they spread out, a 'sky-vehicle' would have allowed them to stay in contact with one another. Although there are undoubtedly enigmatic aspects to this piece of biblical text, I would suggest that it is far simpler and more reasonable to suggest that mankind might wish to build an impressive tower to make a lasting reputation for itself.

Isaiah 56:55

Even unto them will I give in mine house and within my walls a place [yad] and a name [shem] BETTER THAN OF SONS AND DAUGHTERS: I WILL GIVE THEM AN EVERLASTING NAME [shem], THAT SHALL NOT BE CUT OFF.

This is our first example of Sitchin foreshortening a quote to lose the context. As soon as one reinstates the remainder of the verse, we must ask why god would wish to provide a 'spacevehicle' 'better than that of sons and daughters'? Unless rampant material one-upmanship had already infiltrated biblical society, his interpretation makes no sense whatever, and – far more disturbing – this could not have been anything other than entirely obvious to him when he selected the extract.

Gilgamesh and the Land of the Living, lines 4-76

'Enkidu BRICK AND STAMP HAVE NOT YET BROUGHT FORTH THE FATED END, I would enter the land, would set up my name [shem], In its places where names [shems] have been raised up, I would raise up my name [shem], IN ITS PLACES WHERE NAMES [shems] HAVE NOT BEEN RAISED UP, I WOULD RAISE UP THE NAMES [shems] OF THE GODS.'

Taken from one of the original Sumerian Gilgamesh texts and not the composite Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh (which does not contain this passage), this extract finds Sitchin on highly selective form once again. When the missing bulk of the first line is reinstated (at least Sitchin gives us a clue by providing an ellipsis to indicate something has been left out), we can immediately see the connection with 'brick and stamp', that is monument building and printing – the conventional method of preserving one’s name. Then, with the reinstatement of the last line, it appears more likely that Gilgamesh is being mindful to respect the reputations of the gods than deciding when to use his own rocket as against theirs.

Hymn to Inanna7

I cannot find this extract per se in Jacobsen’s composite version of the Inanna hymns, so the following is Sitchin’s version:

Lady of Heaven: She puts on the Garment of Heaven; She valiantly ascends towards Heaven. Over all the peopled lands she flies in her mu. Lady, who in her mu to the heights of Heaven joyfully wings. Over all the resting places she flies in her mu.

However Jacobsen’s version does contain multiple references to Inanna as the Evening and Morning Star (Venus) which involve her 'lighting up', 'stepping up onto', and 'wandering in' the sky. Consequently it is possible that Sitchin has provided his own interpretation of one of these passages – and if so it may be as inventive as many of his other extracts. Since as usual he provides no reference as to his source, it is impossible to comment further.

Gudea Temple Inscriptions

Again the following extract, being so short, is hard to trace in Jacobsen’s translation; this is Sitchin’s version: 8

Its mu shall hug the lands from horizon to horizon.

One passage towards the end of Jacobsen’s version reads as follows: 'He (Ninurta) has indeed established your (Gudea’s) name from the south to the north'.9 However it is hard to identify this as the same passage with any certainty, and further comment is useless without a proper source reference.

Adapa, Tablet II, lines 57-59

In this case Sitchin himself does not quote an extract proper, merely reporting that 'An demanded to know who had provided Adapa with a shem with which to reach the heavenly location'.10 I have found two translations of this text, the first by Alexander Heidel and the second by Stephanie Dalley. To place the extract in context, An wants to know why Adapa has been allowed to visit heaven (per Heidel’s translation), or alternatively how he obtained the powers to 'stop the south wind' (per Dalley’s translation). Dealing with each in turn:11

'Why has Enki revealed to an impure man The heart of heaven and earth? He has made him strong and has made him a name.'

This older translation appears to support Sitchin in as much as it contains the word name at the end, but that is about all. Meanwhile Dalley’s more recent translation bears little resemblance to this older version, and does not even contain the idea of a reputation or name:12

'Why did Enki disclose to wretched mankind The ways of heaven and earth, Give them a heavy heart? It was he who did it!'

Unless progress on the translation of this Akkadian text has gone backwards in recent years, or another set of tablets entirely was used by Heidel, we can assume the later translation is the more accurate – and once again it does little to support Sitchin’s interpretation.

Epic of Etana, Tablet II, last column13

This extract sees Etana asking the god Shamash (Utu) to help him obtain the plant of birth: 'O Lord, let the word go forth from your mouth And give me the plant of birth, Show me the plant of birth! Remove my shame and provide me with a son [shem]!'

Sitchin’s extract is sufficiently close in this case for it to be clear that the word he suggests is shem in the original is here translated by Dalley as 'son', which is slightly confusing. Nevertheless, although she does not say as much her translation would appear to use the phrase 'plant of birth' as a sign that Etana is infertile, in which case it would be quite understandable that he would want to change the situation and establish a lasting reputation by way of offspring. Despite the fuss that is sometimes made about Etana's subsequent description of how the earth gets smaller and smaller as he ascends towards heaven on the back of an eagle, this is separate and in any case only common sense, so once again Sitchin's interpretation appears by far the less likely and obvious.

Anzu, Tablet I, column 314

Here, while Enlil is taking a bath, the evil god Anzu steals the 'Tablet of Destinies': He gained the Tablet of Destinies for himself, Took away the Enlil-power. Rites were abandoned, Anzu flew off and went into hiding.

Again Sitchin does not quote here, simply suggesting that 'Anzu fled in his mu (translated "name", but indicating a flying machine.)' There is no direct mention of 'name' in Dalley’s translation as above, and since this is undoubtedly the same passage one may possibly conclude that here she has taken the word mu as a verbal prefix. It would appear therefore that once again Sitchin is on weak ground.

Epic of Creation, Tablet VI, lines 57-62

Dalley’s translation reveals how, after Marduk has vanquished Tiamat and asked Enki to create man, Babylon is constructed (originally by the Anunnaki themselves):15

'Create Babylon, whose construction you requested! Let its mud bricks be moulded, and build high the shrine!' The Anunnaki began shovelling. For a whole year they made bricks for it. When the second year arrived, They had raised the top of Esagila in front of the Abzu.

Meanwhile Sitchin translates the word Babili (Babylon) as 'gateway of the gods' to arrive at the following translation of the first two lines of the same passage: 16

Construct the Gateway of the Gods Let its brickwork be fashioned. Its shem shall be in the designated place.

He goes on to use the subsequent lines to argue that this mirrors the subsequent attempt by mankind to build a stage tower for launching rockets at the same site in the biblical Babel story (see above). However, once again we can see that the context is far more likely to refer to the construction as being something to enhance or revere 'names' and 'reputations'.

Untraceable Passages

I have been unable to trace translations of the texts from which the final two extracts used by Sitchin are taken. The first, supposedly from a Hymn to Ishkur, apparently contains the line: 'Thy mu is radiant, it reaches heaven's zenith'.17 The second, taken from what Sitchin describes loosely as a Poem to Ninhursag, supposedly contains detailed descriptions of the Great Pyramid of Giza, including the lines: 'House which is great landmark for the lofty shem', and 'Mother of the shems am I'.18 Unfortunately neither of these texts is mentioned by Kramer, Jacobsen or Dalley in their major works which I have used as my main sources throughout.

 

Conclusion

We can see that much of Sitchin’s textual 'evidence' in support of his claim that the words shem and mu refer to 'sky-vehicles' is badly referenced and, to say the least, somewhat creatively interpreted. His tendency in certain cases to leave out surrounding lines which would render his interpretations impossible in the context rings alarm bells which should put any reader on their guard, even if they do not intrinsically discount the possibility of flesh and blood gods with advanced technology.

NOTES

1. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet (Bear & Co, 1991), Chapter 5, p. 136.

  1. Jacobsen, The Harps that Once…(Yale University Press, 1987), Introduction, p. xiv.

  2. Authorised King James Bible; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, pp. 159-160.

  3. Ibid.; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, pp. 139-140.

  4. Ibid.; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, p. 138.

  5. Kramer, The Sumerians (University of Chicago Press, 1963), Chapter 5, p. 192; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, pp. 146–7.

  6. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, p. 134.

  7. Ibid., Chapter 5, p. 136.

  8. Jacobsen, op. cit., p. 444.

  9. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, pp. 144–5.

  10. Heidel, The Babylonian Genesis (2nd Edition, University of Chicago Press, 1951), Appendix, p. 151.

  11. Dalley, Myths from Mesopotamia (Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 187.
  12. Ibid., p. 196; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, p. 151.
  13. Ibid., p. 207; Sitchin’s comments can be found in The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 4, p. 104.
  14. Ibid., p. 262.

  15. Sitchin, The Twelfth Planet, Chapter 5, p. 141.

  16. Ibid., Chapter 5, p. 136.

  17. Sitchin, The Wars of Gods and Men (Avon, 1985), Chapter 7, pp. 143–5.

 
Ivan’s comment:

Some of Sitchin’s apparently more persuasive evidence comes from showing the cuneiform inscriptions of the texts from which he quotes. Many of these words do seem to reflect the meaning of the words given, as they are arrow-shaped and one could say ‘rocket-shaped ’. However, such words were in fact originally pictograms – literal drawings of the objects

– which were later inscribed using a reed stylus, thereby rendering them straight-edged with many wedge shapes – hence the name cuneiform. This is the reason why many of the words appear to be technical diagrams of what we would today be familiar with as rockets.

The early pictogram for ‘shem’ is in fact a plant in a pot. Considering the fact that the early Sumerian settlers – especially their founder Tur and his son Can – were ‘renowned’ throughout the area influenced by the early Sumerians as the bringers of agriculture, and later deified for this, the pictograph makes perfect sense in context. These historical figures were also consumed in later mythology with the attributes of the main gods and goddesses, themselves derived from natural phenomena such as the cycles of the heavens and the seasons, which were intimately associated with agriculture.

The earliest settlement, known as Eden, or Khar Sag, was an agricultural settlement. The Sumerian text ‘The Arrival of the Anunnaki’ is the story of the establishment of a mountain farmstead (see The Shining Ones – O’Brien & O’Brien). It was from the mountainous regions in the Van area that the first Sumerian king proper – Can/Kan – ‘came down’ to the plains of Mesopotamia and began his agricultural and building reformation. There is still a mountain in the Van region called Nimrud (Nimirrud being a title for Can – meaning ‘the increaser of plants’, which became the biblical Nimrod - same chap, many and diverse legends attributed to him and his mythological attributes) that commemorates Can/Cain. Just South of this area is a town still called Nod, which the Bible states was a stopover point on the journey from Eden to Shinar (Sumer).

The association later with the word ‘shem’ and ‘men of renown’ is easy to see in this respect. Also its association with ‘heights’. The plural ha shemmim came to be a popular term for ‘the heavens’, which in earlier issues I explained was also the name for the mountain farmstead, otherwise called himin. Of course, later the word would descend to us as meaning the skies/space or the place where the Creator dwells in Judeo-Christian mythology.

In the above extract from the Epic of Etana, we have the God Shamash, who is often represented as the sun-god, but is frequently associated with agriculture, and here is helping Etana seek the plant of birth. Sham-ash is equivalent to shem-ash, which basically translates as Lord of the Plant. Of course, he is also recognised as the sun god because he is equivalent to Asar/ Osiris – because in the early Sumerian aristocracy, like the Egyptian, the king or pharaoh was considered to be the son of the sun. As Can was renowned in Egypt as Horus – Heru – the son who is risen to become one with his father (also the sun), we find great familiarity, as this is the prototype legend which would eventually become merged into the legend of Yesu (Egyptian IUSA) – Jesus. Jesus, of course, is also associated with agriculture in the NT through numerous references to roots and vines, wine and bread, and parables on a farming theme etc.

Another ancient character from the book of Enoch (written hundreds of years after the Sumerian period) is Shem-jaza, the leader of the ‘watchers’, and famed teacher of horticulture. Shem-jaza is clearly derived from the same root, as aza is a variation on asa, which is consonant with ash - Lord.

The symbol of the plant in a pot was also the pictogram for the word li ‘cultivation’. Later the word would be used as lil in the name En-lil, a title given to Tur and in some aspects to Can. One translation of Enlil is Lord of the Winds/Air. And there is a logical connection, which also fits in with the use of the word shem in relation to ‘heights’, and ‘rising’. The sun would have been very much associated with the force which ‘raises’ plants. As would water; and Enki is regularly depicted as a water bearer. Our forebears would have been familiar with the action of the heat of the sun on water: turning it to vapour and raising it into the air. As both Tur and Can would later be deified as sun gods, the strong association is there between sun, raising, plants, wind and air. It doesn’t have to follow, as Sitchin would have us believe that Lord of the Air has anything to do with flying through the air in spaceships. Although, ships were commonly depicted symbolically as the mode of transport for the sun – the solar bark which sailed through the sea of space. Again, the likes of Sitchin have ignored all of these well-acknowledged correspondences in linguistics and mythologies (which are repeated around the world and therefore make their meanings quite clear) and never refer the reader to all of these alternative, down to earth explanations, in order that they can make far more of a meal of highly selective quotations taken out of context, in order to spin them in only one dubious direction.

Both Tur and Can were famed for their profound influence on the lives of the Mesopotamians, and over the years, many legends regarding one would be grafted onto the other. Both were associated with many later gods, and for this reason there is a degree of confusion in many mythologies because legendary names and events associated with one will also be in myths of the other. For example, although the first king was Tur, also titled Uduin, in later Norse mythology Odin (Uduin) would be the father of Thor (Tur) and many of the aspects of his son Can were given to Odin’s son Thor. More strikingly, however, titles for Tur – such as Ia, and Jah, would eventually feed into the Jewish name for God – Yahweh, whilst the very same historical character is also recorded as Adam, the first man – neither, of course are true. There was only One Adar/Adam/Tur, and he was the first Sumer-Aryan king; and like his son Can/Cain was deified and renowned throughout the ancient world in many guises, and under many names as the bringer of prosperity to mankind, largely through the agricultural reforms which the indigenous peoples of Mesopotamia inherited from their first true kingship.

The Sumerians and Babylonians were also builders of great stepped pyramid temples, some of which incorporated great agricultural works, if the legend of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon is to be believed. And it is Can/Nimirrud/Nimrod who was famed as the bringer of great agricultural reform from the mountains to Sumer, as well as for building the first great temples (recorded in the Bible under the legend of the Tower of Babel), which reflected and commemorated the original mountain farmstead, from whence these famed ‘patriarchs’ and ‘gods’ came. Later, all manner of legends and myths developed of the gods who came from ‘the heights’, and clearly the words such as shem developed over hundreds and thousands of years, to end up in the Bible as meaning ‘renown’ or ‘name’.

One can understand that those who were remembered as building the first great farmstead of legend, who then came to teach the indigenous people of Mesopotamia, and thereby greatly improve their lot, were THE ‘people of renown’ par excellence. So it is not a great stretch of imagination to see how the word shem would naturally be intimately associated with the same biblical patriarchs who came to build mountain-shaped towers and gardens.

Shem is clearly, then, derived originally from early depictions relating to plants and agriculture. Thenceforth acquiring a secondary association with ‘heights’ and the people who first brought their agricultural genius from those heights, with ‘men of renown’ To build a tower/temple and garden etc. was a sign of achievement and nobility – something instituted by the aristocracy. To do so would certainly acquire one renown, a great reputation, a lasting memorial – a ‘name’. Hence, shem became the word for ‘name’ in the Bible.

But shem has absolutely nothing to do with sky vehicles, rockets, spaceships or anything else from the world of 20th century technology and science fiction.

 

SITCHIN'S COSMOLOGY AND 'PLANET X'

The Mesopotamians’ 'Twelve Planets'

We have already seen that Sitchin’s starting point is to ask who were the Nefilim or Anunnaki. Convinced that they were capable of space travel (which theme we will examine in the next paper), he turns his attention to identifying the planet from which they came. He examines the evidence for the Mesopotamians having astronomical knowledge far in excess of that attributed to them by orthodox scholars, and then quotes extracts from a number of astronomical texts for which he, for once, provides references1 – and which, he suggests, indicate that the Mesopotamians considered our solar system to be made up of twelve planets. This would presuppose that not only did they know of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto (the latter three only being discovered in modern times since 1781); not only did they typically count the Sun and the Moon as 'planets'; but also they knew of the existence of an additional twelfth planet.

He suggests that it is this factor which determined the number of gods in the supreme pantheon which he regards as being made up of twelve members. Further, he argues that they used this number twelve in a variety of contexts as a result – for example, dividing the heavens into twelve signs of the zodiac, the year into twelve months, and the day into two sets of twelve hours.2

I have not investigated the astronomical texts to which Sitchin refers for reasons which will become obvious. However it is worth considering the main piece of pictorial evidence he cites – a six-pointed star surrounded by eleven spheres of varying size, which forms part of an Akkadian seal. For once this is not a hand-drawn reproduction but a photograph, and surprisingly we are once again given a source – we are told that it is in the Vorderasiatische Abteilung of the State Museum in East Berlin, and even given the catalogue number – VA / 243. However we should not hold our breath. Sitchin goes on to blow up the relevant section with a drawing and compare it to a representation of what our solar system would look like if the planets were placed to scale in a circle around the Sun, in order, rather than in linear fashion as we normally depict them.3 This reconstruction requires so much imagination and assumption that I could devote pages just to this one piece of analysis, but we do not have the time and it is not that interesting. Suffice to say that in the real version, the centres of the 'planets' are shown at varying distances from the centre of the 'Sun', for no apparent reason even if a simple circular rather than linear representation is indeed what the artist intended; and the relative sizes of the 'planets' are hopelessly inaccurate in most cases – Mercury, the Moon and Pluto being much too large, while Jupiter and Saturn are way too small.

The foregoing could be dismissed as inaccuracies in knowledge or simply artistic licence, since this is only a relatively rough engraving on a stone seal. However if Sitchin’s analysis has any basis, Mercury is effectively shown as a satellite of Venus (with Venus lying directly between it and the Sun, just as the Earth is shown lying between the Moon and the Sun) – and this point is completely ignored by Sitchin.4 Further Pluto is shown out of position between Saturn and Uranus – a point which Sitchin attempts to reconcile with events in the Epic of Creation (see below). Despite all the foregoing, Sitchin uses this seal as a major foundation for the existence of a 'twelfth' planet; for its position relative to the others – arguing that its orbit brings it between Mars and Jupiter; for its relative size – apparently smaller than Jupiter and Saturn, but significantly larger than Mars and the Earth; and for its role in the creation of Earth (see below). In my view this supposedly major piece of primary evidence is weak, and its interpretation selective and inconsistent.

 

The Creation of Earth

Sitchin places a highly literal interpretation on the Epic of Creation. This is another of the major pieces of evidence which apparently persuades him that this 'twelfth' planet was primarily referred to as Nibiru, and was the planet from which the Anunnaki came. Ignoring for the moment whether he has any grounds for such a literal interpretation, let us review the principal elements of his analysis.5 (Note that in the main his interpretation requires the names of gods to be substituted for those of the planets, and these are provided in brackets where appropriate.)

In brief, he suggests that originally our solar system consisted of, in order of orbit: the Sun (Abzu), Mercury (Mummu), Venus (Lahamu), Mars (Lahmu), Tiamat (a planet then orbiting in what is now the asteroid belt), Jupiter (Kishar), Saturn (Anshar), Pluto (Gaga, which was then in a closer orbit – see above), Uranus (An) and Neptune (Enki). He argues that the planet Nibiru (Marduk) came from outer space on a retrograde path (i.e., moving in the opposite direction from the rest of the planets in our solar system), was attracted by the gravitational pull of the outer planets into an ever tighter orbit around the Sun, caused a variety of initial disruptions, and then on its second pass collided with Tiamat which split into two – one half forming the Earth which proceeded into a tighter orbit inside that of Mars, the other breaking up to form the asteroid belt. The Moon (Kingu), a satellite of Tiamat, was at the same time shunted into an orbit of the Earth (and because it had originally been a planet on its own before becoming a satellite of Tiamat and then the Earth, the Moon continued to be regarded as a planet in its own right.)

There are primarily two angles from which this interpretation should be judged. First, does his interpretation hold up under the scrutiny of modern scientific understanding? Although I am no cosmologist, my research reveals that there are a number of objections to his theories:6

  1. It would require an extraordinary series of coincidences for even one of the Earth, Moon, Pluto and Nibiru to stabilise in a different orbit after a collision without additional accelerative stimuli. It is therefore highly unlikely that they could all benefit from such an unlikely sequence of events.

  2. Sitchin’s view of gravity and its effects is hopelessly inadequate. For example, he has Nibiru being affected by the pull of Neptune and Uranus, but there is no contra effect on them; gravity works both ways, especially since Nibiru is supposed to be of similar size to them, and yet their orbits remain to this day more circular than that of the Earth. Similarly, he suggests that the gravitational pull of other planets could cause 'bulges' in Nibiru sufficient to cause satellites to be ripped out of it; this is an idiotic view of how gravity works.

  3. Nibiru had to make at least two orbital passes to tear Tiamat in half – and yet on the second pass it came back in roughly the same orbit, despite all the gravitational interactions it must have suffered on the first pass which should have altered its orbit considerably. From the opposite perspective, one might also ask why Nibiru managed to cause so much devastation on these first two passes, and yet cause none on the myriad of passes it has supposedly made subsequently.

  4. As a corollary to the above, Sitchin uses another supposed text (unnamed) to suggest that Nibiru’s orbital plane is inclined at 30 degrees to the ecliptic.7 I am inclined to ask how, if this is the case, did it manage to come so close to so many of the planets in our solar system on its first two devastating passes? Or is he suggesting that once more unknown forces forced it to stabilise in this non-aligned orbit thereafter?

  5. Nowadays the asteroid belt does not contain anything like enough mass to make up a planet the size of the Earth (i.e., the other half of Tiamat). However it must be appreciated that Jupiter would have acted like a giant suction cleaner on any debris from an exploding planet (a possibility that still cannot be written off, even if Sitchin's interpretations are wrong), and other factors would have reduced the extent of the debris remaining over time.

  6. Bodes law predicts that not only should a planet have originally formed between Mars and Jupiter as Sitchin asserts (but which many astronomers believe never formed due to the gravitational effects of the massive Jupiter, leaving the asteroid belt only), but also that a planet should always have been where the Earth is now. Yet according to Sitchin the latter’s position was achieved subsequent to the original formation of our solar system, so originally this space must have been empty. This law supports him in one sense but at the same time undermines him in another – although at one point he does produce what appears to be somewhat contrived evidence, involving simplification of Bode’s Law, to refute this claim8. (However in fairness it should be appreciated that Bodes Law is not as foolproof as it sounds, and is in reality only another 'theory' about how the solar system was formed.)

  7. The idea that the Moon was originally a planet in its own right is not supported by modern discoveries; the latest thinking appears to be that, most likely, it split off from the Earth after the impact of a Mars-sized body.

  8. Sitchin’s initial evidence for Nibiru having a retrograde orbit appears to be purely based on the order in which it encounters the outer planets – according to him, Neptune then Uranus. Given that the relative position of these two to each other must change as they orbit the Sun at different speeds, it appears to me that this argument is pretty insubstantial. I would have thought that in a sense it could just as easily have passed them in this order while travelling in a conventional direction of orbit.

  9. In Genesis Revisited Sitchin goes to some lengths in attempting to prove that modern scientific analysis of the Earth and its crust, the theory of continental drift, and the study of plate tectonics all support his claim that the Earth as we now know it was formed by a huge impact.9 This may be so, but in my view his analysis does not support his theory of the Earth being formed by the splitting in two of another planet any better than it supports the more conventional idea of the Moon being split off from the Earth.

 

The second approach is to question the extent to which it is reasonable for Sitchin to even attempt to place a literal interpretation on this most enigmatic of texts. We have already seen that one of the motives of this relatively late Akkadian work is political – to elevate the late-emerging Babylonian god Marduk from local to national status. When criticising Sitchin’s interpretation, some of the orthodox scholars tend to place most of the emphasis on this factor – suggesting that this is the text’s primary purpose. While this is undoubtedly true, the issue is far more complex. Sitchin himself acknowledges the political influence, but argues that the text has far earlier Sumerian origins. In this he appears to be supported by many of the scholars, despite the fact that no Sumerian version has yet been discovered (apart from similarities in isolated passages). Furthermore the common practice of amalgamating originally separate texts and tacking on new passages is probably at work; for example, Marduk’s establishment of Babylon and the extensive listing of his epithets in Tablets V to VII are likely to be late additions, while a brief version of the creation of man story is stuck in the middle of all this. Since Tablets II and III deal mainly with the search for a champion to fight Tiamat – in which role Marduk finally offers himself – this leaves us with the likelihood that it is primarily Tablets I and IV, if any, which reflect important earlier tales.

Concentrating on Tablet IV, Marduk’s battle with Tiamat – who represents primeval 'watery chaos' – in which he splits her in two to create heaven and earth and restore order to the universe, is clearly a basic creation theme which ties in closely with that of many other ancient civilisations. Alexander Heidel points out that in Egyptian legends 'the air-god Shu separated heaven and earth by lifting the sky-goddess Nut from the earth-god Geb and placing himself between the two', and that the Phoenician and Vedic legends both contain the concept of 'the cosmic egg being split to create heaven and earth'.10 Meanwhile Sitchin is quite right to draw parallels with Genesis 1:6-8:

And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the water, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven.

Sitchin goes on to argue that the Hebrew word Tehom, used in Genesis to denote the 'watery deep', stems from the word Tiamat, and also that the firmament which was called 'heaven' is in the original Hebrew 'rakia', which translates as 'hammered bracelet', and therefore argues that it actually refers to the asteroid belt.11 However we have already seen that his etymological work is often flawed, and in any case I have little doubt that all these texts should be interpreted from an esoteric rather than a literal viewpoint. This factor, combined with the blatant cosmological flaws in his theory, in my view utterly refute his interpretation of the Epic of Creation.

 

Visitors from Elsewhere?

Even if Sitchin’s account of the creation of Earth is fatally flawed, is he nevertheless right to infer that the Anunnaki were indeed visitors from elsewhere? I can find precious little evidence to support Sitchin’s repeated claim that the Mesopotamian texts state that the planet Nibiru is where the Anunnaki originated. In Stephanie Dalley’s translation of the Epic of Creation it is directly mentioned only in the brief passage which is quoted below, while the remaining references are all to Marduk – and it is only Sitchin’s creativity which links the two. Furthermore I have found no reference to Nibiru in any of the other literary texts. With no supporting argument Sitchin suggests that the multiple versions of a 'winged globe', which are indeed found in great numbers on a variety of reliefs from Mesopotamia and elsewhere, represent Nibiru14 – but most enlightened commentators recognise this as a universal esoteric archetypal symbol. He goes on to suggest that various Babylonian astronomical texts15 and biblical passages foretell of the events which accompany each return of Nibiru,16 but as I have previously indicated I have not consulted these in detail because of the evident weaknesses in the other aspects of his argument.

It is in fact Sitchin’s interpretation of the words Nefilim and Anunnaki which appear to provide most support for this assertion. We have already noted his argument that the Hebrew word has the Semitic derivative 'nafal' or 'nfl' which he suggests means 'to fall, come down, descend' – although, after quoting supposed backing from the 19th century Jewish biblical commentator Malbim, he exaggerates this somewhat in his books into 'those who were cast down upon Earth', and 'those who have come down, from the Heavens to Earth'.17 As for the Sumerian term – which he translates similarly without any detailed explanation – there is no doubt that the separate word An is not only the name of the chief deity, but also translates as 'heaven'; similarly the word Ki as 'earth'. However as we have seen this does not mean that when they are combined the syllables can be neatly deconstructed to suit one’s purpose, and in any case I can find no support for the remaining syllables (un.na) providing the necessary meaning of 'fall' or 'come down'. The only attempts at translation of the entire term that I have found are by John Heise18 in which he breaks it down as A.nun.nak and translates it as 'the semen/descendants of the monarch (nun)', and by Thorkild Jacobsen who translates it similarly as 'the sons of princes'.19

It should also be noted that orthodox commentators suggest the alternative term Igigi is of unknown origin and meaning, while Sitchin insists it means 'those who observe and see'20 – which ties in with his theory that they remained in orbit, and is possibly backed up to the extent that one of the meanings of the Sumerian word igi is 'to see'. However, even if Sitchin’s interpretation is correct in this instance, it hardly represents overwhelming evidence of visitors from elsewhere.

Sitchin produces a variety of other examples of interpretations of words and reproductions of statues and stelae to support this argument. They are too numerous to be analysed individually, but suffice to say that there is strong reason to believe that they suffer from the same inadequacies as evidence as those we have already considered here and in previous papers. However he does produce one other piece of evidence that at least at first sight appears quite enigmatic, sufficiently so for us to consider it here. It is a most interesting circular clay tablet which was found in the ruins of Nineveh, and is now in the British Museum (exhibit WAK 8538). Although about 50 per cent of the surface is worn away, it is divided into eight equal triangular segments, and clearly contains an assortment of cuneiform signs along the dividing lines and elsewhere which are often repeated. More curious still are the 'arrowed' lines which appear in several places, along with at least two diagrams which look very much like constellations. Although Sitchin’s copy is hand drawn,21Alan Alford has reproduced a photograph which allows us to establish that Sitchin's blown-up drawing is reasonably accurate22 (some of the cuneiform signs appear slightly different, but the scale makes it difficult to be sure of this). Sitchin quotes a number of turn of the century studies of this tablet in which a consensus that it is a planisphere of some sort appears to have developed. However these early scholars seemed to have struggled with the interpretation of what they considered, given its location and age, to be Akkadian cuneiform signs – which in this language made no sense.

He contends that it was only when he attempted to read these signs in Sumerian that they started to make sense, and revealed a 'Celestial Route Map' which records how the Anunnaki travelled to Earth via the outer planets. If he is right about the language used, based on the fact that this is a copy of an older Sumerian tablet, his interpretations of the words thereon are still open to question. Here are some examples: we have sham (not shem) translated as 'rocket', an interpretation we have already dismissed in detail; na translated as 'high', when the word an is the normal Sumerian term (because of the association with An), so this is perhaps a casual and inappropriate juxtaposition of letters; and apin translated as 'where the right course is set', when every use of the word that I can find clearly indicates it means 'plough'.

Sitchin’s further interpretation of this tablet is a hotch-potch of ideas which mixes, for example, supposedly technical flight direction details with mundane issues such as stocking up with grain for the return journey; personally I find it unlikely that the two would be combined on one diagram of such supposed importance. Furthermore I fail to see how such a technical set of instructions would be expressed using such unspecific terms as 'high', 'sky', 'mountain', 'set', 'change' and 'glide', which according to Sitchin are repeated numerous times apparently without further detail, and which in any case may be distorted translations of the cuneiform signs. Despite the fact that I do not believe this tablet supports his contention that space travel was at one time familiar to the Ancient Mesopotamians, I would accept that this enigmatic disc – which as far as I am aware appears relatively unique – deserves further study by experts.

 

'Planet Nibiru'

Let us briefly review the remainder of the points Sitchin makes about Nibiru itself. First, he provides further evidence (in addition to that in the diagram on the seal mentioned above) that Nibiru’s (retrograde) orbit takes it between Jupiter and Mars. His support for this comes in the form of extracts from the Epic of Creation, in which Nibiru supposedly 'holds the central position' (i.e., he suggests that it divides the other planets, excluding the Sun, into two groups of five) and 'in the midst of Tiamat keeps crossing' (i.e., it returns to the original position of Tiamat); and also of 'astronomical texts' (unnamed) which 'list the planets in their celestial order'.23 It is worth noting that at least the first of these, the extract from Tablet VII of the Epic of Creation which relates to several of Marduk’s epithets, is, as so often, somewhat at odds with Dalley’s version:24

Nibiru: he does indeed hold the crossings of heaven and earth. Neither up nor down shall they cross over; they must wait on him. Nibiru is his star which is bright in the sky. He controls the crossroads; they must look to him, saying: 'He who kept crossing inside Tiamat without respite, shall have Nibiru as his name, grasping her middle.'

All we can say is that Dalley does accept the translation of Nibiru as 'crossing place', which seems to support Sitchin’s 'planet of the crossing' and his assertion that its pictographic sign is a cross (which, he claims, is the same as that for An) – although Dalley identifies it with Jupiter itself.25

Second, in answering the question as to why we have not yet observed such a large planet in the inner solar system, Sitchin uses a variety of textual references to suggest that it has a highly elliptical orbit which takes it deep into space at its apogee (furthest point from the Sun).26 These are as follows: From the Epic of Creation, he quotes that Marduk 'established an outstanding abode' – this is so innocuous that I have not even traced it to check its accuracy against Dalley’s version. From Job

26:10 he suggests that 'Upon the Deep he (the Lord) marked out an orbit; where light and darkness merge is his farthest limit', whereas the Authorised King James Version says 'He hath compassed the waters with bounds, until the day and night come to an end' – not much similarity there, so perhaps this is yet another of his creative translations, this time of the original Hebrew Old Testament. Finally from Psalms he suggests 'From the end of heavens he (the Lord) emanates, and his circuit is to their end' – I could not even trace this passage, but it is hardly conclusive even if the rendering is anywhere near accurate. Altogether then, not convincing evidence in itself.

Third, one of the chief units of Mesopotamian time measurement was the 3600-year 'sar', and Sitchin suggests that this measure derives from the periodic return of Nibiru from its deep-space orbit (because its appearance held so much significance for the Ancients that, having recorded its orbital period over many millennia and measured it at 3600 years, they designated the sar to represent this number). He further cites the apparent fact that this number was written as a large circle, and that the similar word shar was an epithet for the word planet which translates as 'perfect circle' or 'completed cycle'. Of course this could represent a piece of brilliant intuition, but somehow I doubt it.

It would be a mercy to leave this analysis of Sitchin's cosmology here and return to something more constructive.

However, because Sitchin and his supporters make such a song and dance about it27, we must turn our attention to some recent findings which appear at first sight to support his claims of Nibiru’s existence: a number of modern astronomers have in fact gathered evidence – most of which came out after The Twelfth Planet was published – which suggests to them that what is in reality an additional tenth planet (if one ignores the Sun and Moon) might indeed exist in our solar system...

 

The Search for 'Planet X'

Neptune was only discovered in 1846 after astronomers had noticed perturbations in the orbit of Uranus. Similarly Pluto was only discovered in 1930 after its existence had been postulated because of irregularities in the orbit of Neptune. However observation of continued irregularities in the orbits of primarily Uranus and Neptune remained a puzzle to astronomers. It was originally believed they were caused by Pluto itself, but the discovery of its moon Charon at the US Naval Observatory in Washington in 1978 indicated that Pluto was too small to have the necessary influence on the other planets.

In fact back in 1972 discrepancies in the orbit of Halley’s comet had already caused one astronomer to suggest that a tenth planet may exist – dubbed 'Planet X' to reflect the number ten and its unknown status. The later revelations about Pluto, combined with theories regarding the gravitational force required to have so disrupted Neptune’s satellite system that, for example, Triton was forced into a retrograde orbit, led to a renewed search for Planet X spearheaded by two astronomers at the US Naval Observatory – Robert Harrington and Tom Van Flandern. They commenced with computer simulations which have been constantly updated, but observation was also attempted when NASA linked up with them in 1982 and announced that one of the objectives of the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) would be to scan the skies for Planet X.

Sitchin and his supporters attached great weight to subsequent announcements made in the press, and two in particular. The first was reported in the Washington Post of 30 December 1983 (the highlights in this and subsequent quotes are mine):28

A heavenly body possibly as large as the giant planet Jupiter and possibly so close to Earth that it would be part of this solar system has been found in the direction of the constellation of Orion… [by IRAS]… astronomers do not know if it is a planet, a giant comet, a protostar… or a distant galaxy… 'All I can tell you is that we don’t know what it is,' said Gerry Neugebauer, chief IRAS scientist… Conceivably it could be the tenth planet that astronomers have searched for in vain.'

A proper reading of this announcement reveals it was hardly conclusive proof that Planet X had been found. However in his 1990 book Genesis Revisited Sitchin put what he termed the 'official denials' down to a government conspiracy to withhold information which was in fact shaping the end of the cold war, as the two superpowers combined to ward off the threat of imminent extra-terrestrial invasion. He also inferred that his own theories were ignored by the establishment as part of a cover-up, and used an assortment of contrived arguments to insist that although the multitude of satellites and probes launched in recent years and planned for the future had been officially searching for planets in neighbouring solar systems, in reality they were concentrating closer to home. However, as we will see, many teams of astronomers were involved in reviewing the IRAS data, and have written about it at great length. This does not smack of a cover-up to me.

The second announcement was reported in Newsweek of 13 July 1987:

NASA held a press conference last week to make a rather strange announcement: an eccentric 10th planet may – or may not – be orbiting the Sun. John Anderson, a NASA research scientist who was the principal speaker, has a hunch Planet X is out there, though nowhere near the other nine.

Hunch is the right word! On further investigation29 we find that what Anderson had done was observe the lack of gravitational effects on the Pioneer 10 and 11 craft – which were by then well into the outer reaches of our solar system – and from this negative evidence postulated the possibility of a tenth planet which would have to have a highly elliptical and inclined orbit to produce no effect. Since this was only a supplement to the fact that he had recently become converted to the idea of a tenth planet by the theoretical 'irregular orbit' argument (having previously been a sceptic), this is about as unconvincing as 'evidence' gets.

Returning to Harrington and Van Flandern, both have been cou